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%APPEND% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Specify a search path for data files and overlays. Format: APPEND [\H] d:path[;[d:]path ...] [/X:ON|OFF] [/E:ON|OFF] ... [/PATH:ON|OFF] /X tells APPEND to process SEARCH FIRST and EXEC functions. Com- mands like COMP and DIR use the SEARCH FIRST functions to search for their files. DOS uses the EXEC function any time a command is input. **Note: Cancel APPEND before running BACKUP.** /E tells APPEND to keep its paths in the DOS environment, like the PATH command. /PATH makes APPEND apply to files having pathnames. .cp Page 2 of 2 Explanation: APPEND enables programs to search for needed files in directories other than the current directory. It functions similar to PATH. PATH is used only to search for .BAT, .COM, and .EXE files whereas APPEND is used to search for any other type of file, such as .DAT. The punctuation character ";" is used to separate the APPEND paths or to request a list of the current APPEND paths. Examples: Search the directory C:\DRDOS for any needed data files that are not found in the current directory. APPEND c:\drdos *END* %ASSIGN% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Instructs DOS to route disk I/O requests for one drive to another disk drive. Mainly used when you run a program from one disk drive that has been hard-coded to access files from a specific disk drive. Rather than load the program and files on the specified drive, you temporarily assign the current drive to the other drive. Format: ASSIGN x=y [/A] x specifies the drive to which current disk I/O requests are sent. y specifies the drive letter that you want disk I/O requests to be routed to. /A displays the current status and assignments .cp Page 2 of 2 Explanation: Some application programs can only be run on, or access their data from, one disk drive. The ASSIGN command allows you to assign a drive letter that is not on your system to a drive letter which is available on your system. An example of this would be if you have only one drive on your computer, and the applications program was programmed to use drive C for all of its data storage. With the ASSIGN command, you can assign all requests for drive C to drive A. If you want to use the ASSIGN command for more than one drive, it must be done with one ASSIGN command. This is because each ASSIGN command statement cancels any previous ones. Example(s): Assign all requests for drives A and B to C. ASSIGN A=C B=C *END* %ATTRIB% Page 1 of 3 Purpose: Display and/or changes any of the four attributes of a disk file. ATTRIB R1.43 Change file attributes Format: ATTRIB [+|-A][+|-H][+|-R][+|-S] [@][d:][path]filename[.ext] [/P][/S] +A turn on archive attribute (-A turn it off) +H turn on hidden attribute (-H turn it off) +R make file read-only (-R make it read-write) +S turn on system attribute (-S turn it off) @ the filename that follows is the name of a file list d: drive which attrib is to search path directory where search is to begin filename.ext file for which attributes are to be displayed or changed /P pause after each page /S search for files in subdirectories .cp Page 2 of 3 Explanation: Multiple files may be specified on the command line. If no files are specifed attrib will assume *.*. Each disk file can be marked as "read-only" so that it cannot be accidentally deleted. A file that is marked as "read-only" will be shown in the directory as normal with the DIR command. However, if you try to delete the file with the DEL or ERASE commands, DOS will not carry out the command. You get an "Access denied" error message. The "archive" file attribute shows whether a file has been changed since the last backup was made. This attribute is cleared by special backup programs when they perform backup on a disk, such as the DOS BACKUP program. When using backup programs, you can specify backup of only those files that have changed since the last backup--instead of backing up all files, which can take much longer. The BACKUP program examines this archive attribute to determine whether or not to backup a file. .cp Page 3 of 3 The "system" attribute, when switched ON, prevents the DIR command from displaying the file and the COPY command from copying the file unless a "/S" switch is employed. Example(s): Set the read-only attribute for MYFILE.TXT. ATTRIB +R MYFILE.TXT Set the "archive" attribute on all file with a filename extension of .DAT, including those in subdirectories, pausing after each screen. ATTRIB +A *.DAT /S /P Display the attribute of all files. ATTRIB *.* *END* %BACKUP% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: BACKUP R1.05 Disk backup utility Backs up one or more files from one disk to another. This is usually used to back up files from a hard disk. Format: BACKUP [/H] d:[path[file.ext]] d: [/S][/M][/D:mm-dd-yy][/T:hh:mm:ss] ...[/F][/A][/L[:path[file.ext]] /H Display this help text /A Add new files to backup disk without erasing existing ones /S Backup files in sub-directories also /M Backup only files modified since last backup /D Backup files modified since a given date .cp Page 2 of 2 Format: (cont'd) /T Backup files modified since a given time on a given date /F Format destination disks /L Record actions in a log file - default name \BACKUP.LOG Example(s): Backup all files on drive C to drive A. BACKUP C:\*.* A: /S *END* %CACHE% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: CACHE R0.06 Disk Cache Format: CACHE [/H] [/S=xxx] [/X] [/E] /S Requested size of disk cache in Kbytes /X Use eXpanded memory for buffers /E Use Extended memory for buffers Use of no options merely displays current status of cache. Explanation: Used to speed up the process of accessing data on a hard disk. Used to define and set up an area of RAM memory which acts as a buffer, storing a copy of data frequently read from the disk. .cp Page 2 of 2 Examples(s): Install disk cache using 512 Kbytes of eXpanded memory. CACHE /X /S=512 Display the current status of the disk cache. CACHE The display produced will look like this: ****************************************************** * 1 drive cached in 123 track buffers * * 2091 K Bytes of Etxended Memory used * * 69% of CACHE in use with a 74% hit rate. * ****************************************************** *END* %CD/CHDIR% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Allows you to move between disk subdirectories. Used to change cur- rent directory to that specified. Format: CD [d:][\] or CHDIR [d:][\] CD [d:]dirpath Explanation: Typing CHDIR or CD without any parameters will display the current directory. Specifying a directory path of ".." pops the current directory back one level up the directory tree. .cp Page 2 of 2 Example(s): Change the current directory to the root directory; i.e. \ (slash). CD \ Change current directory to \LEVEL1\LEVEL2 from \LEVEL1\LEVEL2\LEVEL3. CD \LEVEL1\LEVEL2 or CD .. Display the current directory. CD *END* %CHCP% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: Changes a specified code page. Format: CHCP [cp] cp - selected code page number Explanation: This command changes (selects) the specified code page number for Dr DOS and for all devices which support code page switching. Typing CHCP without specifying a code page number displays the cur- rent code page. *END* %CHKDSK% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: CHKDSK 6.16 Disk checker Analyzes the directories, files, and File Allocation Table on the specified drive, or default drive, and produces a disk and memory status report. Format: CHKDSK [/Help] [d:] [file] [options] file Individual files can be checked. Wild cards are allowed. /A Available memory display only. /B Read all files to find bad clusters. /C Display cluster numbers of cross linked files. /D Find removed directories on the disk. /F Write fixes back to disk. (Default = R/O) /L Rebuild cluster links. .cp Page 2 of 2 Format: (cont'd) /M Verify disk for bad clusters, map bad clusters. /P Display Parent block for all directories. /R Recover root directory. /S Show actual file space. /V Be verbose - displays extra information. Explanation: The check disk command scans a disk and checks it for two things: space allocation and spacing errors. It then produces a memory and disk status report which shows how much total space is left on disk, the amount of space in use in bytes, and the number of files in use. Example(s): Check drive B and fix all file allocation errors. CHKDSK B: /F *END* %CLS% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: Clears the video screen. Format: CLS Explanation: Use this command when you want to clear the video screen. *END* %COMP% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: COMP R1.06 File comparison utility Format: COMP [/Help] [d:[path]]file.ext [d:[path]]file.ext [/A] [/M:n] /H Display this help text /A ASCII compare - print differences as ASCII characters. /M:n Maximum number of comparison mismatches per file. d:path Drive/Path of files to be compared. file.ext Files to be compared - may contain wild card characters. Explanation: This command is useful when you want to see if two files contain the same data. COMP will display any differences on the screen. .cp Page 2 of 2 Example(s): Compare JUNK on drive A to JUNK on drive B. COMP A:JUNK B: Compare all files on drive A to all files on drive B. COMP A: B: Compare all files on drive A with the extension .ASM to all files on drive C with the same name. COMP A:*.ASM C: *END* %COPY% Page 1 of 3 Purpose: Copies and/or combines files. Format: COPY[/A][/B][d:][path]filename[.ext][/A][/B] [d:][path]filename[.ext][/A][/B][/V] or COPY[/A][/B][d:][path]filename[.ext][/A][/B] [+[d:][path]filename[.ext][/A][/B]...] [d:][path]filename[.ext][/A][/B][/V] /A Treat as ASCII file. When used with source file name, copies up to but not including the first Ctrl Z (EOF marker). When used with target file name, causes Ctrl Z to be added as the last character of the file, as required by some word processors. .cp Page 2 of 3 Format: (cont'd) /B With source file name, the file is treated as BINARY file. The entire file is copied regardless of Ctrl Z markers encountered. With target file name, causes NO Ctrl Z to be added to the file. /V Verify that target sectors are written correctly. This is the same as setting the VERIFY command to ON. /S Includes system files and hidden files in the COPY operation. /C Asks for confirmation before copying a file or group of files. /Z Zeroes the top bit of every byte in the destination file. Explanation: COPY is used to copy files or groups of files from one directory to .cp Page 3 of 3 Explanation: (cont'd) to another and/or from one disk to another. Wildcard characters may be used in file specifications. Example(s): Copy HELP.DAT from drive A to drive B. COPY A:HELP.DAT B: Copy all files from drive B to drive C. COPY B:*.* C: Copy FILE1 and FILE2 from drive A into one file named FILE3 on disk drive C. COPY A:FILE1 + A:FILE2 C:FILE3 *END* %CTTY% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Changes the standard input and output console to an auxiliary con- sole, or restores the keyboard and screen as the standard input and output devices. Format: CTTY device-name Explanation: This command is useful when you want to use a terminal connected to your serial port. The MODE command must be used before this is done to initialize the serial port to the desired settings. .cp Page 2 of 2 Example(s): Set the standard input and output device to the first serial port. CTTY COM1: *END* %CURSOR% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: CURSOR R1.01 Laptop cursor utility. Format: CURSOR [/H] [/Snn] [/C] [OFF] /Snn Set flash interval. nn is a 2 digit number from 1 to 20; it is the cursor flash interval in 1/20ths of a second. /C Enables CGA compatibilty. Specifying this option ensures display is accessed only during horizontal retrace, pre- venting the snow effect that occurs on some CGA displays. OFF Restores the hardware cursor. Explanation: CURSOR generates a large cursor with variable flash rate for use on laptops and portables with high persistance (e.g., LCD) displays. *END* %DATE% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Set or display the current system date. Format: DATE [mm-dd-yy] Explanation: Type DATE without a parameter to display and/or set current system date. DOS will display the current date and ask you to enter a new date. You can enter a new date, or press Enter to keep the current date. .cp Page 2 of 2 Example(s): Set the system date to December 25, 1987. DATE 12-25-87 Display the current system date. DATE *END* %DEL/ERASE% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Deletes the specified disk file. Format: DEL (or ERASE) [d:][path]filename[.ext] [/C] [/S] /C Prompts you to confirm deletion on a file by file basis /S Includes deletion of system files Explanation: This command erases files that match the filename. Write protected files cannot be erased. If the global filename characters *.* are given, DOS will request verification of this command, by displaying: " Are you sure (Y/N)? " The global filename characters, ? and *, are allowed. .cp Page 2 of 2 Example(s): Delete all files with the extension .ASM. DEL *.ASM Delete all files. DOS will ask to verify this operation. DEL *.* Delete the file named FILE1.TXT. ERASE FILE1.TXT *END* %DELQ/ERAQ% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Deletes the specified disk file(s), automatically querying for con- firmation before deleting. Format: DELQ (or ERAQ) [d:][path]filename[.ext] [/S] /S Includes deletion of system files Explanation: This command erases files that match the filename. Write protected files cannot be erased. The global filename characters, "?" and "*", are allowed. .cp Page 2 of 2 Example(s): Delete - after confirmation - all files with the extension .ASM. DELQ *.ASM Delete - after confirmation - the file named FILE1.TXT. ERAQ FILE1.TXT *END* %DIR% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Displays a list of file names in the specified directory, or current directory if none is specified. Format: DIR [d:][path][filename[.ext]] [/D][/S][/A][/L][/R][/C][/P][/W] /D display files where the system attribute is reset /S displays all files with the system attribute set /A displays all files /L includes file size and date/time stamp /R tells Dr DOS to remember new switches as defaults for DIR /C tells Dr DOS to remember thse switches for next DIR /P pause after each full page screen display /W list in wide format across the screen .cp Page 2 of 2 Explanation: DIR displays the file contents of a disk directory. Without switches DIR does not display hidden or system files. The use of wildcards, such as "*" and "?", allow you to specify multiple files or groups of files. Example(s): Show all files in the current drive and directory with a file exten- sion of .WP DIR *.WP Show all files on drive A. DIR A: *END* %DISKCOMP% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: DISKCOMP R1.32 Floppy diskette image comparison Format: DISKCOMP [d:] [d:] [/1] [/8] [/V] d: drive specification for removable drive /1 compare first side only of double sided diskette /8 compare only first eight sectors per track of diskette /V verify that all tracks can be read (other switches ignored) Explanation: DISKCOMP compares two entire diskettes track by track. This is use- ful to verify that a DISKCOPY operation was successful. .cp Page 2 of 2 Explanation: (cont'd) Older versions of DOS only used one side of the diskette, and 8 sec- per track. New versions use two sides of the disk, and 9 sectors per track; this allows for more data to be stored on each diskette. The /1 and /8 parameters are not necessary with Dr. DOS or new versions of DOS. Example(s): Compare the double sided 9 sector diskettes in drives A and B. DISKCOMP A: B: *END* %DISKCOPY% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: DISKCOPY R1.33 Floppy diskette duplication Format: DISKCOPY [s:] [d:] [/1] s: drive containing source diskette d: drive containing destination diskette /1 copy side 0 only Explanation: The DISKCOPY command copies an entire diskette and format the dest- ination disk if necessary. If you have only one disk drive, DISKCOPY will tell you when to change the disks. .cp Page 2 of 2 Explanation: (cont'd) Older versions of DOS used only one side of the diskette, where new versions use two sides of the diskette; this allows for more data to be stored on each diskette. The /1 parameter is not necessary with Dr DOS or newer versions of DOS. In general, the DISKCOPY command is not a good method of copying diskettes because it preserves the often found inefficient ordering of data. Use the FORMAT and COPY commands instead. Some commercial disks are copy protected. If this is the case, then DISKCOPY cannot complete the copy, or it will make a copy that does not work. Example(s): Copy the disk in drive A to drive B. DISKCOPY A: B: *END* %EDITOR% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: EDITOR R2.00 Full Screen Text Editor Format: EDITOR [/Help] [d:][path][filename[.ext]] Explanation: EDITOR is a text editor. It can be used to create, alter or just read through a file of ASCII text. The command line file specification is the drive, path and file- name of the file to be edited. If you do not supply this on the command line, EDITOR will prompt you for it. If the file does not exist EDITOR will ask you if you wish to create it. Online help is available when executing EDITOR by pressing Cntrl-J. *END* %EXE2BIN% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: EXE2BIN R1.00 Convert EXE files to BIN or COM files. Format: EXE2BIN [/H] [file1[.ex1]] [file2[.ex2]] [/Sxxxx] file1 This is the source EXE type file. The file must have a valid EXE header. If no extension is specified a de- fault of .exe is added. File1 can include a valid path. file2 This is the destination filename. If file2 is given with no extension, then .bin or .com is added depending on the contents of the source EXE header. If file2 is not specified then file1 is used with a .bin or .com extension. File2 can include a valid path. /Sxxxx xxxx is a (maximum of) 4 digit hex value which will be used as the base for any segment fixups which are re- quired for a BIN type file. .cp Page 2 of 2 Explanation: EXE2BIN converts EXE type executable files produced by a DOS linker into binary image files (usually with a .bin extension) or .com exe- cutable files. Whether the destination file is a BIN or a COM type depends on the initial IP field in the EXE file's header. A value of 0 will result in a BIN type file and a value of 100h will result in a COM type file. The destination filename extension does NOT effect this. Example(s): Convert the file data.exe to data.bin. EXE2BIN data *END* %FDISK% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: Prepares a hard disk for formatting. Format: FDISK Explanation: A new hard disk is not usable until the surface has been partitioned and then formatted. FDISK does the partitioning. Then utilize the use the FORMAT command to format the disk. You only have to use the FDISK command once. *** WARNING *** The FDISK command destroys all files on the disk! See the Dr DOS User Guide for a detailed explanation of FDISK. *END* %FILELINK% Page 1 of 3 Purpose: FILELINK R1.03 File transfer utility. Used to transfer files be- tween two computers connected via their serial communications ports. Format: FILELINK [/H] command [@][src_spec] [dest_spec] [COMn:b] [switches] FILELINK SETUP [COMn:b] configure FILELINK to use COM port n for baud rate b FILELINK DUPLICATE transfer FILELINK to other computer via COM port FILELINK SLAVE [/X] enter slave mode FILELINK DIRECTORY [filespec] show directory of slave computer FILELINK QUIT terminate FILELINK running on slave com- puter .cp Page 2 of 3 Format: (cont'd) FILELINK TRANSMIT [@]src_spec [dest_spec] [switches] Copy src_spec files from master to slave. (@ preceeds a file list.) Use dest_spec to specify the destination path on slave. FILELINK RECEIVE [@]src_spec [dest_spec] [switches] Copy src_spec files from slave to master. (@ precedes a file list.) Use dest_spec to specify the destination path on master. All commands may include a COMn:b parameter to override the default port configuration set with the FILELINK SETUP command. /A only transfer files with archive attribute /D:mm-dd-yy only transfer files modified since specified date /H transfer files with hidden or system attributes /U only transfer files that don't exist on destination, or exist but with an earlier date stamp .cp Page 3 of 3 Format: (cont'd) /M only transfer files with archive attribute /P (TRANSMIT/RECEIVE) prompt before transfering each file /P (DIRECTORY) page directory display /R overwrite read-only files /S copy files in sub-directories /X do not allow any file on slave to be overwritten Explanation: Used to establish a master-slave communication link between two PCs that have been connected together via a cable between their serial commumications ports. The communications link provides a mechanism for inter-PC file transfers. See Dr DOS User Guide for more details. *END* %FIND% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: FIND R1.43 Searches for a pattern of letters in a text file. Format: FIND [options] "search string" [@][[d:][path]filename[.ext]...] /B change display format /C show only the number of lines containing "string" /F show only the name of files that contain "string" /N display line numbers /S search files in sub-directories /U case-sensitive search (eg 'A' doesn't match 'a') /V display lines not containing "string" @ the filename that follows is the name of a file list d: drive which find is to search path directory where search is to begin filename.ext file to be searched (wildcards allowed) .cp Page 2 of 2 Explanation: Use FIND to search text files for a specified string of characters. Example(s): Display lines from the file PROG that DO NOT contain the letter F. FIND/V "F" PROG Display how many lines in the file PROG that contain the name JOE. FIND/C "JOE" PROG *END* %FORMAT% Page 1 of 3 Purpose: FORMAT R1.50 Floppy diskette format Format: FORMAT [d:] [options] d: drive containing diskette to be formatted /V prompt for volume label /B leave space for OS system files (5.25 inch drives only) /S transfer DrDOS O/S system files, including COMMAND.COM, to root (\) directory of disk after formatting /8 set sectors per track to 8 (5.25 inch drives only) /1 set to single sided (5.25 inch drives only) /4 reduce format to 8/9 sectors (hyperdrives only) /N:8 set sectors per track /T:40 set tracks to be formatted (40 or 80 only) /F:360 capacity of disk to be formatted (160, 180, 320, 360, 1200, 720 or 1440) .cp Page 2 of 3 Explanation: A new disk, including a hard disk, must be prepared before it is used for the first time. This step is called formatting. Be careful not to accidentally format a valuable disk. ***** WARNING ***** The FORMAT command destroys all files on the disk! The following table of parameters is allowed for each type of disk: ┌────────────┬─────────────────────────┐ │ DISK │ PARAMETERS ALLOWED │ ├────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ 160K/180K │ /S, /V, /1, /8, /B, /4 │ │ 320K/360K │ /S, /V, /1, /8, /B, /4 │ │ 720K/1.44M │ /S, /V, /N, /T │ │ 1.2M │ /S, /V, /N, /T │ │ FIXED DISK │ /S, /V │ └────────────┴─────────────────────────┘ .cp Page 3 of 3 Example(s): Format the diskette in drive B. FORMAT B: Format the disk in drive A and make it a bootable system disk. FORMAT A: /S Format a 720K diskette in a 1.44M drive. FORMAT A: /N:9 /T:80 *END* %GRAFTABL% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: GRAFTABL R1.01 Graphics character set support, Format: GRAFTABL [/Help] [code] [/STATUS] code 437 USA (Default if no code) 865 Norway 860 Portugal 863 French Canadian 850 Multilingual /STATUS Display current status Explanation: Use GRAFTABL to display foreign language characters when in graphics mode on the color/graphics adapter (CGA). *END* %GRAPHICS% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: GRAPHICS R1.01 Graphics screen print utility Format: graphics [COLOR] [/R] /R Reverse black and white dots. COLOR Use color printer. Explanation: Allows the contents of a graphics screen to be printed on a printer which can print graphics. *END* %JOIN% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: JOIN R1.00 Join physical drives. Format: JOIN [/Help] [d: path | /D] d: drive to JOIN path root directory to JOIN to /D undo JOIN on d: Explanation: Connects a drive to a directory on another drive to produce a single directory structure from two separate directories. *END* %KEYB% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: KEYB R2.03 National keyboard utility Format: KEYB code[+|-][,codepage] Country Codepages Country Codepages BE - Belgium 437 850 PO - Portugal 860 850 CF - Canada (French) 863 850 SF - Swiss (French) 437 850 DK - Denmark 865 850 SG - Swiss (German) 437 850 FR - France 437 850 SP - Spain 437 850 GR - Germany 437 850 SV - Sweden 437 850 IT - Italy 437 850 SU - Finland 437 850 LA - Latin America 437 850 UK - United Kingdom 437 850 NL - Netherlands 437 850 US - United States 437 850 NO - Norway 865 850 .cp Page 2 of 2 Format: (cont'd) + Force keyboard type to enhanced - Force keyboard type to non-enhanced If codepage is omitted then the 1st, (local), codepage shown will be assumed. Explanation: Loads a keyboard program that replaces the keyboard program resident in the ROM BIOS. This will allow support of non-U.S. keyboards. *END* %LABEL% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Allows you to create, change or delete a volume label on a disk. Format: LABEL [d:][volume label] Explanation: It is suggested that you label each of your disks with a volume la- bel. This is an electronic label to indicate what information is contained on the disk. A label can be put on the disk when you for- mat it by using the FORMAT command with the /V parameter. However, you can also assign or change a disk label by using the LABEL command. .cp Page 2 of 2 Example(s): LABEL will show any label currently on the disk in drive A and query if you want to change or delete the current label. LABEL A: Make the volume label on the disk in drive A UTILS. LABEL A:UTILS *END* %MD/MKDIR% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Creates a subdirectory on the specified disk within the specified directory. Format: MKDIR [d:]path or MD [d:]path Example(s): Create a subdirectory named LEVEL1 under the current directory. MD LEVEL1 .cp Page 2 of 2 Example(s): Create a subdirectory named ADP under the root directory of drive C. MD \ADP Create a subdirectory named ELEC under the directory named UTILS. MD \UTILS\ELEC *END* %MEM% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: MEM R1.01 Memory usage utility Show current memory utilization. Format: MEM [/Help] | [/B] [/D] [/S] [/M] [/A] [/P] /H Display this help text /B Show allocated memory blocks /D Show device drivers /S Show system structures /M Show system memory map /A Show all information /P Pause listing at each page If no parameter is specified the total amount of memory available is shown. *END* %MEMMAX% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: MEMMAX R1.00 Memory extension control. Provide control of utilization of upper and lower memory. Format: MEMMAX [/Help] [+|-U] [+|-L] [/U] [/L] +U opens upper memory for HILOAD (-U closes it) +L opens lower memory for programs (-L closes it) /U displays upper memory status /L displays lower memory status Upper memory is memory between 640 Kb and 1 Mb. Lower memory is memory in the first 64 Kb. *END* %MODE% Page 1 of 5 Purpose: MODE R1.22 Printer and screen mode utility. Set the way that a printer, a color/graphics monitor adapter, or asynchronous communications adapter operates. Format: MODE LPT#:[n][,[m][,[P][,s]]] or LPT#:=COMn or mode[,lines] or [mode],m[,T] or CON: [LINES=lines] [COLS=cols] [RATE=r DELAY=d] or COM#:b[,p][,d][,s][,P] or device CODEPAGE options Each format of MODE command is explained in detail as follows: .cp Page 2 of 5 Format: (cont'd) LPT#:n,m,P Set-up printer #=Printer port number, n=characters per line (80, 132), m=lines per inch (6 or 8), and P=Continuous retry on timeout LPT#:=COMn Redirect printer port # output to serial port n mode,lines Set display mode mode= 40 or BW40 - 40 columns no color (CGA) 80 or BW80 - 80 columns no color (CGA) CO40 - 40 columns color (CGA) CO80 - 80 columns color (CGA) MONO - 80 columns (MDA) lines= # of text rows: 25, 43 or 50 [mode],m[,T] Set display mode parameter as described above m=CGA display shift direction: L or R T=show test pattern .cp Page 3 of 5 Format: (cont'd) CON: LINES = lines lines = number of text rows: 25, 43, or 50 CON: COLS = cols cols=number of text columns: 40 or 80 CON: RATE = r DELAY = d r=keyboard typematic rate: 1..32 d=keyboard typematic delay: 1..4 COM#:b,p,d,s,P Set serial port #=serial port number b=baud rate - 110..19200 p=parity - E(ven), N(one) or O(dd) d=data bits - 7 or 8 s=stop bits - 1 or 2 P=Continuous retry on timeout device CODEPAGE PREPARE=((cplist) [d:][path]filename[.ext]) device one of CON, PRN, LPT1, etc cplist one or more of 437, 850, 860, 863, 865 filename specifies the file containing the character shapes .cp Page 4 of 5 Format: (cont'd) device CODEPAGE SELECT=cp device one of CON, PRN, LPT1, etc cp one of 437, 850, 860, 863, 865 device CODEPAGE REFRESH device one of CON, PRN, LPT1, etc device CODEPAGE /STATUS device one of CON, PRN, LPT1, etc Explanation: Set the way that a printer, a color/graphics monitor adapter, or asynchronous communications adapter operates. See examples below. See the Dr DOS User Guide for a much more thorough treatment of the MODE command and its multitude of options. .cp Page 5 of 5 Example(s): Set the screen to color mode with 80 columns MODE CO80 Set the first communications port to 1200 baud, no parity, 8 data bits, and 1 stopbit. MODE COM1:1200,N,8,1 Set the first parallel printer to 132 columns per line. MODE LPT1:132 *END* %MORE% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: Stops the screen from scrolling when it is full. Format: MORE <input filename Example(s): Display the file SAMPLE.DAT on the screen and pause when each screen is full. MORE <SAMPLE.DAT or TYPE SAMPLE.DAT | MORE *END* %NLSFUNC% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: National Language Support. NLSFUNC R3.00 Format: NLSFUNC [[d:]path|/H] d:path Drive and path of COUNTRY.SYS file. /H Display help screen. Explanation: NLSFUNC provides support for extended country information and allows you to use the CHCP command to select code pages for all devices set up to use them. *END* %PASSWORD% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: PASSWORD R1.51 Display or change password protection level Format: PASSWORD [@][d:][path][filename.ext] [/R|W|D|P|G[:password]] [/N][/S] /R[:passwd] "passwd" required to read, write or delete the FILE /W[:passwd] "passwd" required to write or delete the FILE /D[:passwd] "passwd" required only to delete the FILE /P[:passwd] "passwd" required for all access to the DIRECTORY /G[:passwd] set global default password /N remove password protection from file /NP remove password protection from directory /NG remove global default password /S operate on files or directories in subdirectories Multiple files may be specified on the command line. Use '@' to specify that the filename that follows is a file list. .cp Page 2 of 2 Explanation: The PASSWORD command is used to assign password protection to files or paths. Example(s): Assign the password "SUZIE" to the file EYESOFF.LTR. PASSWORD eyesoff.ltr /r:SUZIE *END* %PATH% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Establishes a search path for program execution. Format: PATH [d:]path[[;[d:]path...] or PATH ; Explanation: A hard disk is divided into subdirectories to make it more manage- able. However, this type of structure has its advantages and disad- vantages. When you want to run a program, you must know where the program is located in order for Dr DOS to find it, and then run it. You can use the PATH command to tell Dr DOS where to search for pro- grams you want to run. You may specify a list of drives and path- names, separated by semicolons. Then, when you enter a command that .cp Page 2 of 2 Explanation: (cont'd) is not found in the current drive and directory, Dr DOS will search all drives and directories on the path, for that program file name. Example(s): Show the current path setting (if any). PATH Tell Dr DOS to search the current directory (default), then the ROOT directory, then the directory named UTILS. PATH C:\;C:\UTILS Remove all previous path settings. PATH ; *END* %PRINT% Page 1 of 3 Purpose: Prints a queue (a list) of data files on the printer while you are doing other jobs on the computer. PRINT R1.20 Print a queue of files in the background Format: PRINT [/D:device][/B:buffsiz][/U:busytick][/M:maxtick] [/S:timeslice][/Q:quesiz][/C][/P][/T] [filespec...] /C cancel the preceding and all following filenames /P print the preceding and all following filenames /T cancel all files on queue .cp Page 2 of 3 Explanation: /S:timeslice - to specify the time-slice value. Default is 8 slices. The range is 1 to 255. /U:busytick - to specify the number of clock ticks that PRINT will wait until print device is available. Default is 1. /M:maxtick - to specify how many clock ticks PRINT has to print characters to the printer. Default is 2. The range is 1 to 255. /T - to set Terminate mode. All queued files are canceled from the print queue. /C - to set the cancel mode. Allows you to select which files to cancel. .cp Page 3 of 3 Explanation: (cont;d) /P - to set the print mode. The preceding filename + all following filenames are added to the print queue until /C is found on the command line, or you press Enter. Example(s): Print all files with the extension .TXT in the current directory. PRINT *.TXT *END* %PROMPT% Page 1 of 3 Purpose: Defines the DOS command line prompt. Format: PROMPT [prompt-text] Explanation: Where prompt-text specifies the new text for the DOS prompt. This can contain special characters in the form $p. These special char- acters are as follows: $ the $ character l the < character t the time b the | character d the date q the = character p the current directory h the backspace character .cp Page 2 of 3 Explanation: v the DOS version number e the ESCape character n the default drive letter _ the CR LF sequence g the > character The initial DOS prompt is the drive letter followed by the ">" char- acter. However, the prompt can be changed to something else, which you may prefer over the default DOS prompt. A popular prompt is the $p$g prompt. This makes the prompt the current drive letter, plus the current directory, and then the ">" character. This is useful when using a hard disk with several subdirectories. You can get very creative with the PROMPT command. .cp Page 3 of 3 Example(s): Make the DOS prompt the current directory name and the greater than sign (C:\UTILS>). PROMPT $P$G Make the prompt the system time and date. PROMPT $T$D *END* %RD/RMDIR% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: Deletes a subdirectory from the disk. Format: RMDIR [d:]path or RD [d:]path Explanation: This command removes a subdirectory from the disk, but only after all the files have been deleted with the DEL command. Some programs write hidden files that cannot be deleted using the DEL command. Then the RD command will not work on this subdirectory. Example(s): Delete the subdirectory named UTILS. RD \UTILS *END* %RECOVER% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: RECOVER R1.02 Recover lost data from a damaged disk Format: RECOVER d: Recover cluster chains into files. Used only if root directory is corrupted. RECOVER [d:][path]filespec Recover file(s) containing bad sectors. Explanation: The RECOVER command enables you to retrieve information from files that have been corrupted. If you have a file that is only partially readable, it removes unreadable parts so that the rest is usable. *END* %REN% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Renames a disk file. Format: REN[AME] [d:][path]filename[.ext] filename[.ext] Explanation: The RENAME command changes the name of a disk file. Only the name is changed; the file itself is not altered. The wild card symbols, ? and *, may be used, but they should occur in identical positions in both names or only be used in one name. Either REN or RENAME can be used. .cp Page 2 of 2 Example(s): Rename all files named JOE with any extension to JIM with the same extension. RENAME JOE.* JIM.* *END* %REPLACE% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Selectively replaces files on the target with files of the same name from the source. REPLACE R1.43 Selective file copy Format: REPLACE [/Help] [@][d:][path][filename[.ext]] [d:][path] [/options] The first file specification is the drive, path and name of file(s) to be copied (wildcard filenames allowed). This specification must be present. Use '@' to specify that the given file contains a list of files to be copied. The second file specification is the destination drive and path to which files will be copied. Default is the current drive and path. .cp Page 2 of 2 Format: (cont'd) /A only copy files that do not exist on the destination /H don't ignore files with hidden or system attributes /M merge changed files on source with unchanged files on destination /N preview operation - do not actually copy any files /P prompt before copying each file /R overwrite read-only files /S copy files in subdirectories /U only replace files older on the destination than the source /W wait for disks to be changed Example(s): Replace all files named JOE.TXT on your fixed disk drive C from your floppy drive A. REPLACE A:JOE.TXT C:\ /S *END* %RESTORE% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: RESTORE R2.00 Restore files saved by BACKUP Restores one or more backed-up files from one disk to another disk. Format: RESTORE [/Help] d: [[d:][path]filename] [/switches] /A:mm-dd-yy restore files modified on or after specified date /B:mm-dd-yy restore files modified on or before specified date /E:hh:mm:ss restore files modified at or earlier than specified time /L:hh:mm:ss restore files modified at or later than a specified time /M restore files modified or deleted since last backup /N restore files that no longer exist on the destination /P prompt before restoring files changed since last backup .cp Page 2 of 2 Format: (cont'd) /R report names of files which WOULD be restored - take no action /S restore files in subdirectories also Example(s): Restore all files from the backup diskettes to disk drice C. RESTORE A: C:\*.* /S *END* %SET% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: This command will insert strings into the command processors envir- onment. A copy of this environment is made available to any program running. Format: SET [name=[parameter]] Explanation: The entire string is inserted into the environment block. All lower- case letters are converted to uppercase when inserted in the block. If the name already exists in the environment, it will be replaced with the new string. If you type SET without any parameters, it will show you the envir- onment block strings. .cp Page 2 of 2 Explanation: If name is specified without anything after the equal sign, then that name string will be deleted from the current environment block. Example(s): Place a string associated with LIB into the environment block. SET LIB=C:\TURBOC\LIB Erase the previous string entered. SET LIB= *END* %SETUP% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: SETUP R3.0 Change DR DOS configuration. Format: SETUP [/Help] Explanation: Setup allows you to change your Dr DOS configuration as specified in your CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files. *END* %SHARE% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: SHARER1.00File sharing support. Loads support for file sharing. Format: SHARE [/H|[/X][/L:nn]] /H Display help screen. /X Turns state of SHARE off. /L:nn Allocated nn locks. Explanation: SHARE is a Dr DOS program which provides support for file locking, a means by which all or part of a file may be reserved for exclusive access by one program. *END* %SID% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: Symbolic Instruction Debugger SID R3.1 Format: SID [filename] Explanations: SID (Symbolic Instruction Debugger) allows you to test and debug programs interactively. Help is available on SID commands by run- ning SID and then typing ? or ?? at the SID command prompt. See the Dr DOS User Guide for a thorough treatment of SID. *END* %SORT% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Reads data from the standard input device, sorts the data, and then writes it to the standard output device. Format: SORT [/H][/R][/+n] /R - to sort in reverse order /+n - to sort based on the characters in column n Explanation: SORT is a filter program which reads standard input, sorts it alpha- betically, and then writes it to the standard output device. .cp Page 2 of 2 Example(s): Read the file UNSORT.TXT, sort its records starting in column 1, and write the sorted output to a file name SORT.TXT. SORT /R <UNSORT.TXT >SORT.TXT Produce a directory listing sorted by file size (file size starts in column 14). DIR | SORT /+14 *END* %SUBST% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Establishes a subdirectory as a separate "disk". Format: SUBST [d:] [e:path]SUBST [/D] or SUBST d: specifies the drive letter that you want to use to refer to another drive or path. e:path specifies the drive or path that you want to refer to with a nickname. The path must start from the root directory. /D deletes a substitution. You must specify the drive letter of the drive whose substitution you want to delete. .cp Page 2 of 2 Explanation: Some older programs do not support the use of subdirectories, they expect their data to be on a specific drive. In such a case, you can instruct DOS to treat a subdirectory as a different drive name. Then you can tell the program to use this drive name to access its data files. Example(s): Substitute drive D for the subdirectory \WP on drive C. SUBST D: C:\WP *END* %SYS% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: SYS R1.31 Transfer operating system files Transfers a copy of the operating system files from the default drive to the specified drive. Format: [d1:][path]SYS d2: Explanation: Two hidden operating system files are copied from the source drive d1 to the destination drive d2, so that the destination disk becomes a bootable system disk. Note, however, that the SYS command does not copy the COMMAND.COM file to the new disk. .cp Page 2 of 2 Explanation: (cont'd) You cannot use the SYS command to place the DOS files on a disk that was formatted without the /S parameter. Example(s): Transfer the operating system from the default drive to drive A. SYS A: *END* %TIME% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Set or display the current system time. Format: TIME [hh:mm[:ss[.xx]]] hh to specify the hour mm to specify the minutes ss to specify the seconds xx to specify the hundredths of seconds. TIME with no parameters shows the current time and asks for a new time. .cp Page 2 of 2 Example(s): Set the time to noon. TIME 12:00:00 *END* %TOUCH% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: TOUCH R1.41 Change file time and date stamps Format: TOUCH [/Help] [@][d:][path]filename[.ext] [/options] @ the filename that follows is the name of a file list d: drive which touch is to search path directory where search is to begin filename.ext file to be touched (wildcards allowed) /T:hh:mm:ss time to be set (24 hour) (default is current time) /D:mm-dd-yy date to be set (default is current date) /F:[E|J|U] specify European, Japanese or USA format for date option /P prompt before touching each file .cp Page 2 of 2 Format: (cont'd) /R touch read-only files /S touch files in sub-directories Multiple files may be specified on the command line. The filename must present. If you wish to specify all files, use *.* Example(s): Set the date-time stamp on all files in the UTILS directory, includ- ing subdirectories, to be 06:30 am today. TOUCH \UTILS\*.* /S /T:06:30:00 *END* %TREE% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: TREE R1.51 Show directory structure Displays all directory paths found on the specified drive. Format: TREE [/Help] [d:][path][filename[.ext]] [/B] [/F] [/G] [/P] d: drive which tree is to search path directory where search is to begin (default is root) filename.ext file to find /B brief mode - omit file totals /F display all files /G graphical directory display /P pause after each page Multiple files may be specified on the command line. .cp Page 2 of 2 Explanation: When there are many subdirectories and files on a hard disk, it is difficult to visualize where files are and how to move from place to place. The TREE command is designed to show the organization of the disk. Unfortunately, this program does not give a good graphic pic- ture of the subdirectory structure of a disk. Several commercial programs are available that will create graphic displays of the disk tree structure. Example(s): Show the directory tree for disk C. TREE C: The same as above but it also shows all files on drive C. TREE C: /F *END* %TYPE% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Display a text file to the standard output device. Format: TYPE [d:][path]filename[.ext] Explanation: Global filename characters are NOT allowed. The TYPE command will display the contents of a text file on the video screen (standard output). The standard output redirection com- mand may be used to redirect the displayed output to another file or the printer. .cp Page 2 of 2 Example(s): Display the contents of LETTER.TXT to the screen. TYPE LETTER.TXT Display the contents of LETTER.TXT to the printer using the standard output device redirection command. TYPE LETTER.TXT >PRN *END* %VER% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: Displays the Dr DOS version number. Format: VER Explanation: The Dr DOS version consists of a single digit major version number, followed by a period, then a one digit minor version number. Example(s): Display the Dr DOS version number you are using. VER *END* %VERIFY% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Sets DOS into the verify mode. Format: VERIFY [ON | OFF] Explanation: VERIFY without parameters shows the current setting of verify mode. If the VERIFY mode is set 'ON', Dr DOS will verify any data when it is written to the disk. If the data cannot be read back from the disk, Dr DOS will generate an error message at that time. This will allow you to see that a disk is damaged, replace the disk, and save your data to the new disk. .cp Page 2 of 2 Example(s): Set the verify mode to ON. VERIFY ON *END* %VIEWMAX% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: Invoke the Dr DOS dual window command shell. Format: VIEWMAX Explanation: Brings up the full screen, dual window Dr DOS command shell, which has a graphics oriented, mouse driven user interface very similar to that of the MacIntosh. Allows user to create and manipulate "file folders" as well as individual files and directories. Full access to all Dr DOS commands. *END* %VOL% Page 1 of 1 Purpose: Displays the disk volume label information. Format: VOL [d:] If you do not specify a drive, the default drive is used. Example(s): Show the volume label for the disk in drive A. VOL A: *END* %XCOPY% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Selectively copy groups of files. Format: XCOPY [d:][path]filename[.ext] [d:][path][filename[.ext]] [/A][/D:mm-dd-yy][/E][/M][/P][/S][/V][/W] The source specification is first, the target is second. /A copies only files with the archive bit set, meaning they have changed since last copied with BACKUP or XCOPY /M. /D:mm-dd-yy copies files whose date is the same or later than the date specified. /E creates subdirectories on the target disk even if they will be empty. Otherwise XCOPY will not create an empty subdirectory. .cp Page 2 of 2 Format: (cont'd) /M copies only files with the archive bit set, but will clear the archive bit after it is copied. This is much like the BACKUP command. /P prompts you before copying each file. /S copies files in all subdirectories under the current directory. /V tells XCOPY to verify that each file has been copied correctly, much like the /V parameter in the COPY command. /W tells XCOPY to wait for you to insert a disk. Example(s): Use XCOPY to copy all files named JOE.TXT with the archive bit set from drive C to drive A, then clear the archive bit to indicate that it has been copied. XCOPY C:JOE.TXT A: /M *END* %XDEL% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Extended file delete. XDEL R1.41 Format: XDEL [/Help] [@][d:][path]filename[.ext]... [/options] @ the filename that follows is the name of a file list d: drive which xdel is to search path directory where search is to begin filename.ext file to be deleted (wildcards allowed) /D remove empty subdirectories /N delete specified files with no warning (careful!) /O overwrite before deleting - file PERMANENTLY LOST /P prompt before deleting each file /R delete read-only files /S delete files in subdirectories Multiple files may be specified on the command line. .cp Page 2 of 2 Explanation: XDEL is a command used to delete multiple files extended across sub- directories and to remove empty directories. Examples: Delete all files with the .DOC extension from the currnt directory and all its subdirectories. XDEL *.DOC /S *END* %XDIR% Page 1 of 2 Purpose: Extended directory display XDIR R1.41 Format: XDIR [/H] [[+|-ADHRS] [d:][path][filename[.ext]]] [options] +|-ADHRS It is possible to select files for display on the bas- is of their file attributes. For example, "xdir +A" will display only those files that have the "archive" attribute set; "xdir -R" will display all files that do not have the read-only attribute set. d: drive which xdir is to search path directory where search begins (default is current) filename.ext file to find (wildcards allowed) /B brief mode: display only file path and name /C display checksum for each file .cp Page 2 of 2 Format: (cont'd) /P pause after each page is displayed /L long display format (default) /N do not sort directory /R reverse sort order /S display files in sub-directories /T sort directory by date/time (default is by name) /W wide display format /Z sort directory by file size Explanation: XDIR is an expanded version of DIR that provides extra options for displaying the contents of directories and subdirectories. *END* %DRHELP V1.1% Page 1 of 9 The following is general information about the terms used in this HELP program and about Dr DOS terms and specifications. When the HELP program shows the format of a command, it includes all variations of the command. Many times, all the different parameters are not required; these parameters are shown enclosed in square brac- kets ([ ]). In the HELP program, we refer to all Dr DOS commands as 'commands'. However, many of these Dr DOS commands are not built into Dr DOS; they are really programs that have been provided on your Dr DOS diskette. This HELP program does not attempt to cover all the technical informa- tion on every Dr DOS command. If a command needs special attention, the HELP program will simply refer you to the Dr DOS manual for more information on the command. This program was created to help beginners and to be a quick reference to all PC users. .cp Page 2 of 9 Each command explained in this help program has four sections. They are: the Purpose, the command Format, Explanation, and the Examples. The Format section describes the correct syntax for the command, along with all possible optional switches. * FILE SPECIFICATIONS * The file specification tells Dr DOS where to search for the specified file. A filespec has four parts: the drive letter, the path, the file- name, and filename extension. - The Drive Specifier - A drive letter specifies which drive the file is on. The drive letter is followed by a colon. For example, B: is the drive specifier that represents drive B. If a drive specifier is omitted, then DOS assumes the current (default) drive. .cp Page 3 of 9 - The Path Specifier - The path tells Dr DOS where the file can be found. The path is another name for the directory or subdirectory. - The Filename Specifier - A filename consists of one to eight characters. The following are NOT valid characters: . " / \ [ ] : | < > + = ; , space Any other characters are valid filename characters. Dr DOS checks for invalid filename characters in a filename specification. - The Filename Extension - A filename extension consists of one to three characters preceded by a period. The same rules apply for valid extension characters as apply for filename characters. .cp Page 4 of 9 * GLOBAL FILENAME CHARACTERS * There are two special characters that can be used in a filename and extension specification. They are the "*" and "?" characters. These characters make life much easier when executing Dr DOS commands on several files with similar names. - The ? Character - A question mark (?) in a filename or filename extension indicates that any character can occupy that position. For example, dir lett?r.txt displays all filenames on the default drive that start with the four letters LETT, then any character, followed by the R character with the extension of .TXT. .cp Page 5 of 9 An example of what might be displayed is: letter.txt lettxr.txt lett1r.txt - The * Character - An asterisk (*) in a filename or filename extension indicates that any character can occupy that position and all remaining positions in that filename or extension. For example, dir lett*.txt displays all filenames on the default drive that start with the let- ters LETT, followed by any other letters, and have the extension of .TXT. .cp Page 6 of 9 An example of what might be displayed is: lett.txt letter.txt letters.txt lett1.txt * DOS DEVICE NAMES * Device names are special names which have certain meanings to Dr DOS. These names are reserved; do NOT name any files with a Dr DOS device name. - CON (Console Device) - Console keyboard/screen. This is referred to as the standard output device. This can be redirected at the command line when redirection is desired (see below). .cp Page 7 of 9 - AUX or COM1 - The first serial port. This is sometimes called the RS-232C port, the serial port, or the asynchronous communications adapter. This is con- nected to a phone line modem, or serial printer. - LPT1 or PRN - The first parallel port. This is connected to your parallel printer, the most common type of printer on a personal computer. - NUL - This device does not exist. It is a "dummy" device name for testing purposes or to tell a program to output its messages to nowhere. As an output device, the write operations are simulated, but no data is written. As an input device, an immediate end-of-file is sent. .cp Page 8 of 9 * REDIRECTION OF STANDARD INPUT & STANDARD OUTPUT * DrDOS provides a convenient way for us to redirect the output to the screen, or input from the keyboard, to another device or file. The standard output redirection syntax is as follows: > [d:][path]filename[.ext] This causes all output that would go to the screen to be placed in the file specified. This will create the file if it does not already ex- ist, or erase its contents and start over if the file does exist. >> [d:][path]filename[.ext] This causes the output to the screen to be sent to the file specified. If the file does not exist, it will create a new one. If the file does exist, it will append to the bottom of the file without erasing any data presently in the file. .cp Page 9 of 9 The standard input redirection syntax is as follows: < [d:][path]filename[.ext] This causes standard input to be retrieved from the file specified. This redirection can be used with the Dr DOS SORT command. The filename specification can also be any device name, such as the printer. To get a printout of your directory, simply type: DIR > prn A copy of your directory will be printed on the first parallel printer (LPT1). To send a copy of the directory to a file, simply type: DIR > myfile.txt A file named MYFILE.TXT will be created or erased if already present, and the directory listing will be put in the file. *END*